Advertisements Exploiting Children - 1837 Words

Are current practises of advertising to children exploitative? What restrictions should be placed on advertising to children? Up until recently, parents had been the intended target audience for advertising efforts aimed for children of young age groups. However it is now the children who have become the main focus. The growth in advertising channels reaching children and the privatisation of children’s media use have resulted in a dramatic increase in advertising directly intended for the eyes and ears of children (Wilcox et al. 2004). It is estimated that advertisers spend more than $12 billion a year on the youth market with more than 40,000 commercials each year. The current practises of advertising to young children definitely†¦show more content†¦Furthermore research on the language of advertisements, while used to promote products, may be purposefully constructed to confuse younger children at lower levels of cognitive development. Simple correlation research in the US indicates that children typically aged 2-6 years who view more television advertising request more products from their parents. This is known as pester power. It has been found that parents are more likely to buy products when kids ask for them in the shop (nag factor). As children age, they develop the cognitive capacity to contextualise and act critically on the observations made, reducing the amount of requests for products (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2007). Children who are exposed to TV commercials for toys not only develop the initial idea for the toy but repeatedly pester their parents to buy it. This is exploitation on the parents’ behalf as it often causes parent-child conflict when the parents deny their children the product (Wilcox et al. 2004). Another troubling issue relating to child advertising exploitation is in reference to food ads. Half of the advertisements in the UK directed at children concern food. There are little ads emphasising healthy eating and since the start of television advertising, the largest proportion of ads aimed at children has always been unhealthy food products (Gunter, Oates amp; Blades 2005). The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) detailed theShow MoreRelated Advertising Manipulates People Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounded by advertising. From the time our alarm clock wakes us up in the morning until we set it at night, our brains are bombarded with advertisements. Ads play a huge role in our lives, telling us what to buy, what car to drive, how our families should interact, and what we should look like. The business of Advertising is built on persuasion. Advertisements attempt to persuade us that we are not rich enough, pretty enough, thin enough, family oriented eno ugh, and the list goes on. To put it moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Teens On The World Today1232 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Complications in Advertisements Teenagers views on the world today Advertisements surround us, and everyday they affect the unknowing minds of the younger generations. Researches have been investigating this topic for years, as the strategies these advertisements use are incredibly effective. This is shown through Pechmann Reibling (2006), Godbold Pfau (2000), Belstock, Connolly, Carpenter, Tucker (2008), Targeting teens. (1998) and What is the impact of advertising on teens?Read MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1140 Words   |  5 Pagescase, the main issue is the ethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for the fast food giant. First of all, we will touch the field of foodRead MoreMcdonalds Ethical Issues1125 Words   |  5 Pagescase, the main issue is the ethical criticism of the fast food giant, McDonald, in Europe. By referring to the case, the organizational ethical issues which are filled around McDonald consist of food health, ill-treatment of animals, exploitation of children, and destruction of rainforests. Besides, anti-globalization, anti-American, anti-McDonald’s activism, and Europe governments had also been the concerns and ethical challenges for the fast food giant. First of all, we will touch the field of foodRead MoreViolence And Tragedy : Staples Of Journalism1499 Words   |  6 Pagessurging through the public eye, and is a classic case of the charities exploiting children through publishing. Johnathan Benthall (1993) describes publishing such images as ‘generating a ‘brand image’ of African impotence and misery’ [p.186]. As another writer noted, â€Å"The general public has a morbid fascination with violence and tragedy, yet this same public accuses journalists of being insensitive and cynical and of exploiting victims of tragedy† (Brown, 1987) [Cited in Lester, Paul. 1991. [p.43]]Read MoreMarketing Campaign For A Product And The Target Market1262 Words   |  6 PagesTarget Marketing Advertisements and numerous other marketing tactics are everywhere you look; a great amount of companies does some sort of marketing with their products. Companies look for ways to get their products noticed and to win you over as a customer. Planning and research is crucial before marketing to consumers. In their analysis, they narrow down who would buy their products or utilize their service, and they target market those consumers. Their whole advertisement campaign for a productRead MoreThe Influence of Media on Teenagers Diet788 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influence of Media on Obese Teenager’s Diet Introduction Media influence Food product choice is overwhelming as well as TV commercials and print advertisements that want to sell their food products to us. Who to believe? How to choose? Do you trust what is shown to you? Obviously, it’s up to each of us to decide what we eat but if we’re constantly bombarded with images of food every time we pick up a magazine then we’re going to be swayed in what we choose. The advertising of snack andRead MoreThe Impact Of Consumerism939 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition boils down to people getting more people to buy more products is a good thing. However, things aren’t always as they seem. In order to get people to be interested in your product, there is lots of advertisement involved and this of course costs money. Unfortunately, with lots of advertisements, they may not tell the whole truth of a product, or they may target one specific age or race group. Getting consumers to buy products is a good thing, but the lengths people go at isnt. In order to getRead MoreBanning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their Products And Sponsoring Sports And Cultural Events Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesIt is a typical knee-jerk reaction by any Government to create some kind of popularity for itself. The tobacco industry was a major contributor to the State Exchequer. The people who didn’t agree with the ban challenged that by putting a ban on advertisements and sponsorships by tobacco companies, the state was effectively stepping in to tell smokers that they were incompetent of deciding by themselves what was good or bad for their health and that, therefore it had to play the role of a responsibleRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 Pagestrade.† (ICMR, 2001) Another argument that is used is the supposed advertisement to children. In the United States, the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company had to withdraw its animated camel mascot named â€Å"Joe Carmel† because of a ruling by the California Supreme Court stating that, â€Å"†¦the company could be prosecuted for exploiting minors†¦The accusation was that the slick, colorful advertisements (using an animated camel) appealed to the children and encouraged them to smoke.† (ICMR,2001) A third argument used

Racism And Its Multidimensionality A Road Block

Lily Sanders Mr. Chan AP Literature 20 February 2017 Racism and its Multidimensionality: a Road Block in the Path to Self Discovery Ralph Waldo Ellison’s Invisible Man describes the plight of a black man growing up and coming to terms with his identity. The â€Å"invisible man† is not literally invisible, rather invisibility is used to describe the cultural implications of blackness and his inability to fit into stereotypical black molds. Some of the stereotypes that the narrator encounters are indisputably racist and subjugating. However, some stereotypes are idealized in both the black community and by outsiders, perpetuating the narrator s feelings of being lost. Racism has an overwhelming presence in this novel, but so does more†¦show more content†¦[...] They shouted hostile phrases at me. But I did not understand.† (Ellison 31) The biting and malicious laughter that the narrator describes is the perfect example of the racism that the narrator must overcome in the conquest to find his true self. He is publicly humiliated in order to achieve something honorable and to attain a hi gher social status. Another example of blatant racism is delivered through imagery. At one point in the novel the narrator takes up a job at Liberty Paints. At this job they only make paint in one shade, â€Å"Optic White†. This shade alone would not be a cause for concern, but when coupled with the company’s slogan, the color’s discriminatory nature is clear. The narrator explains the brand’s advertisements, â€Å"Ahead of me a huge electric sign announced its message through the drifting strands of fog: Keep America Pure With Liberty Paints.† (Ellison 196). Purity, historically speaking, connotes whiteness. Keeping America â€Å"pure†, or more modern, making America â€Å"great again†, essentially means to keep America white. Black men working at a company producing only white products is symbolic of the system of white supremacy. Another type of racism that the narrator has to combat throughout the duration of the novel are the more subtle and â€Å"unintentional† attacks. These exhibitions of racism may not be intended, but they happen nonetheless. A common stereotype surrounding black men, is a fictionalized idea of hyper masculinity and nearly

A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership Free Essays

Introduction This critical reflection is focused on my own experience of leadership whereby I suggest areas for my own development. I am also using herewith leadership theory and concepts in analysing and evaluating the leadership case that I am presenting. Leadership is a process or series of actions directed toward group goals; it is a consistently demonstrated pattern of behaviour with certain objectives (Ricketts and Ricketts, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now The leadership experience that this paper tackles is centred on my previous supervisor in a previous job, who I call â€Å"Mr. M.† I deem it interesting to use my experience with his leadership case as I believe this would allow me to suggest areas for my own development. The case is therefore an observation of leadership in action where I am not a leader. Critical Reflection: Analysis and Evaluation Mr. M delegates tasks as a way to manage the myriad responsibilities within the workplace. Often, meetings are called for in order to update the whole team on the work that members have accomplished. Mr. M’s listening skills were excellent, in that he never missed any single point of information being related to him. From this set of information, he was able to synthesise clearly the ideas being presented to him; regard each chunk of information as a potential contribution to what the team was trying to achieve, and identify the problems and challenges along the way. He did all this with the help of the team, in which it must also be noted that teamwork is a necessary element of leadership, which must be considered in successful leadership (Parker, 2008). A good attribute that was commendable of Mr. M was his ability to see positively a certain scenario despite our perceived griminess of it. He was a democratic leader who held the final responsibility whilst delegating authority to others. With his leadership, our communication – both upward and downward – was active. There was likewise high employee commitment because we were able to participate in the decision-making process of our team. This way, Mr. M. was able to encourage employees to function beyond just being rank-and-file workers. This concept of leadership was also present in Pride and colleagues (2010) in their discussion of leadership styles. Moreover, this scenario was harmonious with transformational leadership theory, which is focused on people’s interaction with others as they create a solid relationship that leads to trust, which in turn leads to increased intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in both the leader and the followers (Gittens, 2009; Lu ssier and Achua, 2010). Job autonomy was also encouraged much in the team and the organisation itself, with a minimum space for supervision from the supervisor himself. This way, as a member of the team, I was able to enhance my commitment to the job as I likewise felt being the one who owned the tasks and felt a sense of achievement in return. Greater job autonomy certainly created identity in the job amongst us who were tasked to fulfill them. This atmosphere of responsibility and autonomy made me and the others appreciate our jobs better. This was also parallel to what Bligh and Riggio (2013) say about autonomy and job control in which they claimed that they (autonomy and job control) lead to employee empowerment. May I say that my own engagement with my work was drawn from high levels of empowerment and autonomy, which my supervisor helped to foster, especially in leader-follower distance, with the leader not always being present to look over the followers’ shoulders (e.g. Bligh and Riggio, 2013 ). Transactional theory could be found in the case example, whereby it demonstrates a transaction between the leader and the followers, giving importance to a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Martin et al., 2006). The effectiveness of this theory is found in the development of a mutually reinforcing environment, for which individual goals and those of the organisation are in synch. Furthermore, problem solving was not a sole task of our supervisor, but one that involved everyone in our team; thus, a group-shared activity. Mr. M acted as much to take the role of a facilitator in his intention to involve everyone in problem solving, laying down his views and opinions toward a particular direction, without dismissing others’ perspectives. The path-goal theory is seen in this example, whereby the leader directs activities, with varying manners. The theory maintains that the leader sees a path that needs to be trod and gets the group to accomplish it by commanding, rewarding, soliciting suggestions, etc. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2012). However, I came to know that he did not go through development programmes for creative problem solving, which I think is necessary, considering that for a leader, the use of collaborative skills and creativity techniques is part of the leadership strategy, just as what Higgins (2012) had suggested. In this regard, since Mr. M enabled his people to work well in delegation, he was able to function well as a coach. He was the kind who was willing to delegate and was comfortable to hand off assignments to the team. The kind of matters he delegated to those he led was not simply those referring to tasks but to responsibilities, which also harmonised with the discussion of Lussier and Achua (2010). Mr. M was not the kind of leader who would think that he was the boss with adequate knowledge and experience as an approach to problem solving. Solving problems by a leader because he thinks he is the most capable one is what Tracy (2013) called reverse delegation. Instead, Mr. M avoids committing this reverse delegation by making us define the problem clearly, developing a range of solutions, and selecting a solution being recommended. I believe Mr. M was able to grow his staff – which was one of his major responsibilities as a leader – by helping them develop problem-sol ving skills. I once asked him for a solution to a certain problem, and his responses was (as always) â€Å"What do you think must be done in this situation?† Thus, in many cases, he was able to make team members determine the best course of action for a certain problem or situation. There were times when a problem seemed too overwhelming to be handled by a member and would seek his help, to which his usual response would be to insist that the person must learn how to do it, with his guidance. Incidentally, Tracy (2013) stated that in case an employee returns to the leader with a complain that he/she could not do the job rightly, it is better for both of them if the leader guides the person in accomplishing the job rather than taking it back and adding it to his load, which is probably full. As much as he could, Mr. M does not take sides or intervene in interpersonal problems, to which some people in our team would attempt to make him a mediator or a counselor. His tendency was not to express an opinion showing favour to one party over the other. This stance was also taken as positive by Tracy (2013), who said that as a rule, one would not be able to have the full story, and once a leader takes a particular position, it might mean weakening his authority with both persons in the future. As a result of good performance, the performing employee was rewarded by the leader. Areas for My Own Development Based on the case presented, the suggested areas for my own development as a leader are: delegating responsibilities to my team members, promoting decision-making through problem solving, and motivating the workforce through a high degree of autonomy and job control. I have learned through this exercise that delegating responsibilities is not only to free or unburden the leader of the many workloads but to provide opportunities for growth. Similarly, involving the whole team toward a problem-solving activity results in providing an opportunity for decision making. Noteworthy here is the fact that decision making allows employees to become more involved in the job (Bhattacharya and McGlothlin, 2011). I am also noting that a high level of autonomy in the job necessitates corresponding skills sets for the work, in which employees with high job autonomy tend to perceive greater responsibility for either the success or failure of their efforts, and are also likely to experience increased job satisfaction (Lewis et al., 2007). My members’ skills must therefore be in synch with the level of autonomy required in their job, and that I could help them work on developing their skills through related training and coaching. Conclusion To conclude, the leader plays a crucial role in the development of members and in achieving organisational goals. This insight was demonstrated by this critical reflection through its discussion of delegation, problem solving, job autonomy, and maintaining one’s authority by not taking sides in members’ problems with interpersonal relationships. Mr. M was able to promote trust and motivation both for himself and for his team members, typical of transformational leadership theory. Transactional theory had also demonstrated a specific transaction based on a mutually beneficial relationship between the leader and the followers. This case also complemented with the path-goal theory in which the leader guides the members in treading a desired path. The case led to identification of my own areas for development. References Bhattacharya, A. and McGlothlin, J. D. (2011) Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications. Second Edition. NW: CRC Press. Bligh, M. C. and Riggio, R. E. (2013) Exploring Distance in Leader-Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near. NY: Routledge. Gittens, B. E. (2008) Perceptions of the Applicability of Transformational Leadership Behavior to the Leader Role of Academic Department Chairs: A Study of Selected Universities in Virginia. Parkway: ProQuest LLC. Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G. (2012) Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage-Learning. Higgins, J. M. (2012) The role of HR in fostering innovation in organizations. In G. M. Benscoter (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (pp. 226-238). NJ: John Wiley Sons. Lewis, P., Goodman, S., Fandt, P., and Michlitsch, J. (2007) Management: Challenges for Tomorrow’s Leaders. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Lussier, R. and Achua, C. (2010) Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Martin, B., Cashel, C., Wagstaff, M., and Breunig, M. (2006) Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. IL: Human Kinetics. Parker, G. M. (2008) Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Pride, W., Hughes, R., and Kapoor, J. (2010) Business. Tenth Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ricketts, C. and Ricketts, J. (2011) Leadership: Personal Development Career Success. Third Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. (2013) Delegation and Supervision. NY: AMACOM. How to cite A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership, Essay examples

Property Law for Lease - Mortgage and Application - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProperty Law for Lease, Mortgage and Application. Answer: Property Co-ownership is a form of ownership where two or more persons share the ownership of any property. Co-ownership is a way that enables the Australian young people, in particular, to purchase houses that are available at high prices and is unaffordable for most of the people. As it is, a known fact that every person dreams of owning their own home which becomes unattainable to realize owing to the incline in the prices of the house, in particular for those who are single. While couples tend to pool their resources and incomes to be able to afford a home, it becomes very difficult for those who are singles as they rely on single source of income and one savings account[1]. This inconvenience makes them resort to co-ownership for purchasing property either with a friend or family member. Where two or more persons take an estate or interest in land on lease, mortgage, application, transfer such persons are required to hold the land or property as joint tenants or tenants in commo n. This clearly signifies that co-ownership is an increasing trend in Australia, especially for young peoples and those who are single. This essay discusses about the advantages and the necessity of co-ownership in Australia. When two or more persons take a property on tenancy, they do it as either joint tenants or tenants in common. The reasons behind the Australians opting for co-ownership are two-fold. Firstly, co-ownership provides the Australians, with the affordability to purchase houses that are otherwise, unaffordable for them[2]. Further, for people who are purchasing houses for the first time, it becomes more difficult for they have to put a deposit together. The purchasers who are young and those who are single and rely upon the single income and savings source, finds it more difficult compared to those who purchase such homes by way of co-ownership. People purchasing homes in co-ownership have the option to split the deposit as both the co-owners pool together their respective savings that improves the position of the co-owners with respect to the deposit of the homes. Secondly, there is a trend of late marriage in Australia, which implies majority of the Australians usually do not purchase a property or home of their own. Therefore, single persons may consider their friends and siblings to assist them to achieve an investment property. Another reason that leads to an incline in the co-ownership is an increase in the borrowing capacity that is, the persons sharing the ownership gets to split the deposit money which otherwise would have been paid by the single person purchasing or renting a house[3]. The advantage of pooling together the deposit of the house is that it enables the co-owners to join their savings and pay a higher deposit, which enables them to avoid the expensive mortgage insurance. As mentioned above that, in order to purchase a property or an interest in land by co-ownership, the co-owners are said to hold such interest in land or the property as tenants either in common or as joint tenants[4]. Tenants in common are a form of tenancy where each person has a share of the property and they own the property purchase or taken on lease together. For instance A, B and C purchase a property for $90,000. A makes a contribution of $20000, B makes a contribution of $30000 and C makes a contribution of $ 40000. Here, the purchase of the property has been made by way of co-ownership and A, B and C are the co-owners of the property. The transfer shall be followed as A shall be entitled to 2/9 share; B shall be entitled to 3/9 share and C shall be entitled to 4/9 share being the tenants in common[5]. Each of the tenants has a right to deal with their part of the property, which is separate from the others, in their respective ways. This implies that each of these tenants is entitled to mortgage or sell their part of the property. In case, one of the tenant dies, his part or share of the property passes in accordance with the instructions made by such deceased person in his will, which implies that the tenant has specified the organization or person that shall be entitled to the share of the deceased person with respect to the property. Joint tenancy, on the other hand, is a form of tenancy where the tenants of the property are entitled to equal shares of the property irrespective of the fact the number of persons hold the property as tenants[6]. On the death of one of the joint tenants, the share passes to the other joint tenants in equal share in case there is more than on tenant, irrespective of the fact whether the deceased person actually intended to transfer the share to the other tenant, as may be set out in his will. According to section 126 (1) of the Property Law Act 1969 (WA) was applied in Pateman Anor v Daw Koh Anor [2007][7], which stated that there is no right of survivorship in tenancy in common unlike in joint tenancy[8]. In Joint tenancy, then rights of survivorship exists which implies that the interests of the deceased joint tenant shall pass on to the surviving tenants. It is a fact that there are risks associated with co-ownerships, which might make it undesirable for several persons. Such risks include affordability for future homes may be affected because the co-owners are jointly responsible for the taking loans for the deposits of the house, it often become difficult to arrange for a future loan for another property. This is because; the affordability is assessed on the basis of the income of an individual. If one of the co-owners wishes to purchase a second property, the bank shall consider the first loan taken by the co-owner and he shall be solely responsible for the loan. There may be issues pertaining to the sale of the property, where one co-owner wants to sale off the property and the other owner does not, and the matter is driven to court, which is not only expensive but also stressful. Another issue that may arise in co-ownership is the responsibility regarding the mortgage. If all the co-owners sign the loan document, every borrower is accountable individually for each others debts. Under such circumstances, is any one of the co-owner fails to make his/her loan payment, the bank shall consider the other co-owners liable for the failure to make the loan payments[9]. There is issues related to joint tenancy as well which arises if there is a default in the categorizing of an interest in land as a joint tenant due to the existence of the four unites. Such default may result in change in status of the joint tenants as tenants in common. Nevertheless, considering the big picture, majority of the Australians merely dream of having their own house but are incapable of realizing their dream, given the high prices of the houses or properties. With the help of co-ownership, they get a chance to realize this dream of owning a house or property[10]. As discussed above, co-ownership involves two or more persons owning a property, which reduces the load of a single purchaser to pay the deposit amount. The purchasers may co-own the property either as joint tenants or as tenants in common. It enhances the borrowing capacity for the borrowers, which involves splitting of the deposit. It is an advantage for young persons, singles and those who have low earning incomes. These individuals get the opportunity to afford properties that they could not have been able to purchase property. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that it is equally beneficial for those who have high-income capacity as they become entitled to have great tax benefits on a property and enables them to reduce the taxable income or become entitled to receive a greater tax refund per annum[11]. The tenants in common do not possess the right of survivorship but a tenant in common is entitled to hold an undivided share in the property owned by them and is entitled to possession. Unlike joint tenancy, the tenants in common do not require to have unity of interest, hence they are entitled to hold unequal shares. Each of the joint tenants has an equal right to possession of each of the part that is held by the purchasers and to the whole of the purchased property but such the tenant shall not be entitled to any right to any part of the property. It is sufficient that co-ownership exists in the form of tenancy in common in the country as it enables individuals to purchase property or an interest in land without having to pay for deposit alone and are entitled to own the property to the extent of the capital deposited by them. It also entitles them to sell off or mortgage their part of the property, that is separate form te remaining tenants. Reference list Altmann, Erika. "Apartments, co-ownership and sustainability: Implementation barriers for retrofitting the built environment."Journal of environmental policy planning16.4 (2014): 437-457. Blandy, Sarah.14th Australasian Property Law Teachers Conference 2017 Beyond Sole Ownership Curtin Law School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 2629 September 2017 Draft Conference Programme. Diss. Faculty of Law, University of Southampton, 2017. Briggs, Kristie. "Co-owner relationships conducive to high quality joint patents."Research Policy44.8 (2015): 1566-1573. Duncan, William D., et al. "Property law review issues paper 4Mortgages, Co-ownership, Encroachment and Mistake." (2016). Hulse, Kath, and Terry Burke. "Private rental housing in Australia: Political inertia and market change."Housing in 21st-century Australia: People, practices and policies(2016): 139-152. Kraatz, Judy A., et al. "Rethinking social housing: efficient, effective and equitable."Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre Research Report75 (2015). Palmer, Jane, et al. "Green tenants: practicing a sustainability ethics for the rental housing sector."Local Environment20.8 (2015): 923-939. Pateman Anor v Daw Koh Anor [2007] WASCA 85 Property Law Act 1969 (WA) section 126 (1) Rigsby, Bruce. "A survey of property theory and tenure types." Sydney University Press, 2014. Roberts, Mike B., Anna Bruce, and Iain MacGill. "PV in Australian Apartment BuildingsOpportunities and Barriers."Asia Pacific Solar Research Conference. 2015. Robertson, Courtney. "Casenote: State of Western Australia v Alexander Brown and Ors [2014] HCA 8."Indigenous Law Bulletin8.12 (2014): 24.